The Future of Earth and the life on it.
The future of life on earth and the structure of the earth can be ruled out depending on the limited effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry of the earth's surface, the degree of cooling the interior of the planet, the interaction of gravity and other elements in the Solar System, and the further increase in sunlight. What is uncertain about this release is the continuing influence of man-made technologies, such as climate engineering, that could revolutionize the world. The current extinction of the Holocene is due to technology and the effects can last up to five million years. Also, technology could lead to the extinction of humanity, leaving the planet to slowly return to the gradual evolution of long-term natural processes.
Over a period of hundreds of millions of years, random celestial events pose a global threat to the biosphere, which could lead to mass extinctions. These include the effects of comets or asteroids, as well as the possibility of a massive stellar explosion, called a supernova, within the 100-year-old luminosity of the Sun. Some major geological events are highly predictable. Milankovitch's vision predicts that the planet will continue to pass through the ice at least until the end of Quaternary glaciation. These times are caused by variations in stiffness, axial inclination, and ground movement. As part of the ongoing global cycle, plate tectonics is likely to lead to global discovery in the 250-350 million years. For some time in the next 1.5-4.5 billion years, the Earth's axial slope may begin to form volatile variations, with changes in the axial slope of up to 90 °.
Sunlight will gradually increase, leading to increased solar radiation reaching Earth. This will lead to a higher level of silicate minerals, which affects the carbonate-silicate cycle which will cause a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Nearly 600 million years from now, carbon dioxide levels will drop below the level needed to support the C3 carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees. Some plants use the C4 carbon processing method, which allows them to insist on carbon dioxide concentrations of as much as ten parts per million. However, it is a long-standing practice that plant life is completely dead. Plant extinction will be the end of almost all animal life because plants are the basis of the world's food supply.
In about a billion years, sunlight will be 10% more than it is now. This will cause the atmosphere to become "a humid place with moisture", which has led to the evaporation of oceans. As a possible consequence, plate tectonics will disappear, and throughout the carbon cycle. Following this event, in about 3 to 3 million years, the planet's magnetic dynamo may stop, causing the magnetic field to decay and lead to the rapid loss of volatiles from outer space. Four billion years from now, global warming will have the effect of escaping global warming, heating up enough space to melt it. At that time, all life on Earth will be gone. The most likely end of the planet being absorbed by the Sun is about 7.5 billion years, after which the star entered a large red phase and expanded beyond the current planet's orbit.
Human influence
Humans play a vital role in the biosphere, with a large number of people ruling over most of the earth's natural habitats. This has led to the continuous extinction of a number of other species during the present geological period, now known as the Holocene extinction. The massive loss of biodiversity caused by human influence since the 1950s has been called a biological catastrophe, with an estimated 10% of all species extinct since 2007. At present levels, about 30% of the species are at risk of extinction in the next 100 years. The Holocene extinction event is the result of habitat destruction, widespread distribution of invasive species, hunting, and climate change. In our day, human activity has had a profound effect on the face of the planet. More than a third of the world has been transformed by human action, and people are consuming about 20% of the world's basic product. Emissions of carbon dioxide have increased by almost 50% since the start of the Industrial Revolution.
The effects of the ongoing biotic crisis have been predicted to last at least five million years. There may be a decline in biodiversity and the homogenization of biotas, which is accompanied by an increase in opportunistic species, such as insects and weeds. Novel types may also appear; especially taxa thriving in human-controlled ecosystems can quickly evolve into many new species. Microbes may benefit from an increase in the abundance of natural nutrients. No new types of large vertebrates are likely to emerge and food chains will likely be shortened.
There are many known risk factors that could affect the world. From a human point of view, this can be divided into surviving risks and ultimate risks. Risks that people are exposed to include climate change, the misuse of nanotechnology, nuclear annihilation, the fight against organized technology, genetic disease, or a catastrophe caused by physics experiments. Similarly, a number of natural events can pose a threat of doomsday, including the most devastating disease, the impact of an asteroid or comet, the effect of escaping the scorching heat, and the depletion of resources. There may also be the possibility of infection through the atmosphere. The actual effects of these occurrences are difficult if not impossible to detect.
If the human race ceases to exist, then the various elements that makeup humanity will begin to decay. The largest buildings have an average decay of half a life span of about 1,000 years. Surviving last buildings may be open mines, large dumps, highways, wide canals, and landfills. A few stone monuments such as the pyramids of Giza Necropolis or sculptures on Mount Rushmore can still live in some way millions of years later.
Possible events
As the Sun orbits the Milky Way, orbiting stars may be close enough to interfere with the Solar System. The stellar close proximity can cause a significant decrease in the perihelion ranges of comets in the Oort cloud - a circular area of cold bodies orbiting during half the solar year. Such a merger could result in a 40-fold increase in the number of comets reaching the Solar System. The effects from these comets could be the end of the great life on Earth. This disruptive reunion occurs on average once every 45 million years. The estimated time for the Sun to collide with another star in the solar system is approximately 3 × 10¹³ years, much longer than the average Universe age, at ~ 1.38 × 10¹⁰ years.
The energy released from the impact of an asteroid or comet with a diameter of 5-10 km (3-6 mi) or more is sufficient to create a global catastrophe and cause significant increases in biodiversity. Among the harmful effects of the catastrophic ejecta cloud cover the planet, blocking direct sunlight from reaching the earth's surface thus lowering global temperatures by about 15 ° C (27 ° F) within a week and suspending photosynthesis for several months ( such as nuclear winter). The estimated time between major impacts is estimated to be at least 100 million years. Over the past 540 million years, simulations have shown that the scale of such impact is sufficient to create 5-6 weight loss and 20-30 low-intensity events. This is similar to the geologic record of significant extinctions during the Phanerozoic Eon. Such events can be expected to continue.
A supernova is a catastrophic star explosion. Inside the Milky Way galaxy, supernova eruptions occur on average once every 40 years. During the history of the Earth, many such events are likely to occur within a hundred light-years; known as the supernova near Earth. Explosions within this range could pollute the planet with radioisotopes and could even affect the biosphere. Gamma rays emitted by supernova respond to nitrogen in the atmosphere, producing nitrous oxides. These molecules cause the depletion of the ozone layer, which protects the environment from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. An increase of 10-30% UV-B radiation is sufficient to have a significant effect on health; especially phytoplankton which forms the basis of a seafood chain. A supernova explosion at 26 light-years across will reduce the ozone layer by half. On average, supernova explosions occur between 32 light-years and every few hundred million years, leading to depletion of the ozone layer that lasted for centuries. In the next two billion years, there will be about 20 supernova explosions and a single gamma explosion that will have a profound effect on the earth's biosphere.
The growing effect of planetary gravity is causing the Solar System as a whole to behave strangely in the long run. This does not significantly affect the stability of the Solar System at intervals of a few million years or less, but over billions of years, the orbits of the planets become unpredictable. Computer simulations of the emergence of the Solar System over five billion years suggest that there is little chance (less than 1%) that a collision could occur between Earth or Mercury, Venus, or Mars. At the same time, the probability that the Earth will disintegrate from the Solar by a passing star is set at one in 105. In such a case, the oceans can harden in a few million years, with only a few gallons of water about 14 km (8.7 mi) below ground. There is a long-term chance that the Earth will instead be captured by a passing binary star system, allowing the earth's biosphere to remain stable. The probability of this happening is about one in three million.
Orbit and rotation
The gravitational pull of other planets in the Solar System combines to change the rotation of the Earth and the orientation of its orbital axis. These changes could affect the climate of the planet. Without such interactions, the most accurate mimicry suggests that the whole earth is likely to remain stable for billions of years in the future. In all 1,600 simulations, the semimajor axis, the size, and inclination of the planet remained unchanged
Glaciation
Historically, there have been glaciers at times when glacial sheets occasionally cover the highlands. Age of ice may be due to changes in sea and continental changes caused by plate tectonics. Milankovitch's theory predicts that snowstorms occur during snowstorms because of the stars that accompany the weather-response processes. Major astronomers have higher orbital eccentricity, lower axial inclination (or processing), and alignment of the summer solstice with the aphelion. Each of these effects occurs in rotation. For example, road rage changes the time cycles of about 100,000 to 400,000 years, with a value ranging from less than 0.01 to 0.05. This equates to a change in the semiminor axis of the planetary cycle from 99.95% of the semimajor axis to 99.88%, respectively.
The earth is passing through a period of ice known as the fourth glaciation and is currently in the Holocene interglacial period. This period is generally expected to end in about 25,000 years. However, an increase in the level of carbon dioxide emitted by humans could delay the onset of the next ice age to at least 50,000-130,000 years from now. On the other hand, the average global warming period (based on the assumption that gasoline use will end in the year 2200) will likely affect the ice age of about 5,000 years. the youngest in the future.
Obliquity
The lunar motion slows the Earth's orbit and increases the Earth-Moon range. The effects of the flu - between the inside of the garment and between the atmosphere and the face - can weaken the Earth's orbit. These combined effects are expected to increase day length by more than 1.5 hours over the next 250 million years and increase delays by about a degree. The distance to the Moon will rise by about 1.5 Earth radii at the same time.
According to computer models, the presence of the Moon appears to stabilize Earth's orbit, which may help the planet to avoid dramatic climatic changes. This stability is achieved because the Moon increases the degree of orbit around the earth, thus avoiding the fluctuations between orbiting and orbiting the earth's orbit (i.e., pre-ecliptic movement). However, as the semimajor axis of the Moon's movement continues to grow, this stabilizing effect will decrease. Occasionally, traumatic effects may cause turbulence variations in landmass, and the axial inclination may change at an angle of up to 90 ° from the track plane. This is expected to happen between 1.5 and 4.5 billion years from now.
High-altitude collisions could cause catastrophic climate change and could ruin planetary stability. When the axial slope of the Earth exceeds 54 °, the annual equatorial velocity is lower than that of the poles. The planet can stay in the range of 60 ° to 90 ° for as long as ten million years.
Geodynamics
Technological-based events will continue to occur in the future and the venue will be redesigned with tectonic intensity, extrusions, and erosion. Mount Vesuvius is expected to erupt about 40 times in the next thousand years. At the same time, about five to seven earthquakes with a magnitude of 8 or more must occur east of the San Andreas Fault, while about 50 magnitudes of 9 earthquakes can be expected worldwide. Mauna Loa has to face about 200 eruptions in the next thousand years, and Old Faithful Geyser is likely to stop working. Niagara Falls will continue downstream, reaching Buffalo for about 30,000-50,000 years.
In 10,000 years, receding back to the ice of the Baltic Sea would have reduced its depth by about 90 m (300 ft). Hudson Bay will descend to a depth of 100 meters at the same time. After 100,000 years, the island of Hawaii will be about 9 km (5.6 mi) northwest. The planet is likely to enter another ice age at this time.
Continental erosion
The theory of plate tectonics shows that the planets of the Earth move across an average of just a few inches per year. This is expected to continue, causing the plates to move and collide. The eruption of the continents is caused by two things: the energy produced within the planet and the presence of the hydrosphere. With the loss of any of this, the continental flood will dry up. The production of heat by radiogenic processes is sufficient to maintain mantle and plate subduction combinations for at least 1.1 billion years to come.
Currently, the continents of North and South America are moving westward from Africa and Europe. Researchers have produced a number of scenarios for how this will happen in the future. These types of geodynamic can be separated by subduction flux, in which the oceans travel beneath the continent. In the import, small, interior model, the Atlantic Ocean is downgraded and the current North and South American migration is reversed. In the mixed, old, outdoor model, the Pacific Ocean is always preferred and North and South America migrate east to Asia.
As the understanding of geodynamics develops, these models will be under review. In 2008, for example, computer simulations were used to predict the reorganization of the mantle convection over the next 100 million years, creating a new supercontinent made up of Africa, Eurasia, Australia, Antarctica, and South America to build Antarctica.
Regardless of the effect on the migration of continents, the continuous process of photography causes water to be transferred to the garment. A billion years from now, the geophysical model provides an estimate that 27% of the current seawater will be depleted. If this process were to continue unchanged in the future, the capture and release could reach equity after 65% of the current seawater had been reduced.
Introversion
Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have developed a map of proposals predicted one hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project. In their case, 50 million years from now the Mediterranean Sea could end, and a collision between Europe and Africa would create a long range of mountains extending into the present Persian Gulf. Australia will meet Indonesia, and Baja California will go north along the coast. New subduction areas may emerge along the east coast of North and South America, and mountain chains will be formed in those parts of the sea. The move of Antarctica to the north will cause all of its ice sheets to melt. This, together with the melting of the Greenland sheets, will increase the sea level by 90 meters (300 ft). Inland floods will lead to climate change.
As this trend continues, 100 million years from now, the spread of the continent will be at an all-time high and continents will begin to converge. In 250 million years, North America will collide with Africa. South America will wrap up the southern tip of Africa. The result will be the construction of a vast new continent (sometimes called the Pangea Ultima), which stretches across the Pacific Ocean. Antarctica will reverse its direction back to the South Pole, building a new ice cap.
Extroversion
The first scientist to describe the current movements of the continents was Canadian geologist Paul F. Hoffman of Harvard University. In 1992, Hoffman predicted that the continents of North and South America would continue across the Pacific Ocean, bordering Siberia until it began to meet Asia. He named the emerging high continent, Amaziah. Later, in the 1990s, Roy Livermore cited a similar situation. He predicted that Antarctica would begin to move north, while East Africa and Madagascar would cross over to the Indian Ocean to collide with Asia.
In the initial model, the closure of the Pacific Ocean will end 350 million years ago. This marks the end of the current cycle of major continents, in which continents split and reconnect almost every 400-500 million years. When a large area of land is formed, plate tectonics may enter a period of inactivity as the rate of descent decreases with the order of magnitude. This period of stability can cause an increase in the temperature of the garment by an average of 30-100 ° C (54-180 ° F) every 100 million years, which is the lowest period of the previous stars. As a result, the volcanic activity could increase.
Supercontinent
The formation of the supercontinent can have a profound effect on the environment. A collision of plates would lead to the formation of mountains, thus changing the climate. Seawater levels could plummet because of rising snow. The level of the divine climate can rise, increasing the level of biological burial. Supercontinents can cause global warming and an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere. This, in turn, could affect the weather, further lowering temperatures. All of these changes can lead to more rapid evolution as new niches emerge.
The formation of a high continent protects the garment. Heat flows will be concentrated, leading to volcanic slopes and flooding of large basalt-rich areas. Muscles will form and a large contingent will be divided again. The planet is likely to experience a warm period similar to that of the Cretaceous period, which marked the division of the former Pangea continent.Strengthening of the outer core
The Earth's core metal region is divided by a distance of 1,220 km (760 mi) and a solid 3,480 km (2,160 mi) in the outer wetland. Rotating the Earth creates eddy transmitters in the outer core region that makes it work as a dynamo. This creates the earth's magnetic field, which separates particles from the sun's rays, preventing significant atmospheric erosion from interfering. As the heat of the spine is transferred from the outside to the blanket, the tendency of the net is for the inner boundary of the outer liquid region to hold, thus releasing heat energy and causing the solid inner core to expand. This process of crystallization of iron has been going on for billions of years. At present, the radiation of the inner spine increases by an average of 0.5 mm (0.02 in) per year, with the removal of the outer spine. Almost all the dynamics needed to power the dynamo are provided by this process of internal structure.
The growth of the inner core can be expected to consume a large portion of the outer layer about 34 billion years from now, resulting in a nearly solid core made of steel and other heavy materials. The surviving liquid envelope will contain simple ingredients that are not easily mixed. Alternatively, if the plate tectonics somehow reach the end, the interior will cool down a bit, which can impede the growth of the internal environment. In any case, this could lead to the loss of the magnetic dynamo. Without an active dynamo, Earth's magnetic field will decompose in a short period of time for about 10,000 years. so much in life.
Solar Evolution
Solar energy production is based on the combination of thermonuclear hydrogen in helium. This occurs in the main star region using the proton-proton reaction process. Because there is no accumulation in the view of the sun, helium concentrations increase in that area without being distributed throughout the star. The temperature in the center of the Sun is very low in the nuclear fusion of helium atoms by a triple-alpha process, so these atoms do not contribute to the net energy production needed to maintain the hydrostatic balance of the Sun.
At present, about half of the hydrogen in the hole is consumed, and the remaining atoms contain helium. As the number of hydrogen atoms in each unit decreases, so does their power provided by nuclear fusion. This results in a decrease in pressure support, which causes the total to enter into a contract until the increased size and temperature brings the main pressure in proportion to the upper layers. High temperatures cause the remaining hydrogen to absorb the mixture at a faster rate, thus producing the energy needed to maintain balance.
The result of this process has been a steady increase in solar energy output. When the Sun became the star of the main sequence, it produced only 70% of the current light. Light intensity has increased dramatically so far, rising by 1% every 110 million years. Similarly, in the third billion years, the Sun is expected to shine 33% more light. The hydrogen fuel in the center will eventually expire in five billion years when the Sun will be 67% brighter than it is now. The Sun will then continue to heat the hydrogen in the shell around its core until the light intensity reaches 121% above its current value. This marks the end of the Sun's time in the main sequence, and after that, it will pass through the lower stage and turn into a red giant.
Meanwhile, the Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy must continue. While this could lead to the Solar System being released into a new compact galaxy, it is considered unlikely to have a negative effect on the Sun or its planets.
Impact of climate change
The climatic rate of silicate minerals will increase as rising temperatures accelerate chemical processes. This will also lower carbon dioxide levels, as the reaction with silicate minerals converts carbon dioxide into solid carbonates. For the next 600 million years from now, carbon dioxide emissions will drop below the critical limit needed to support C3 photosynthesis: about 50 parts per million. At this point, trees and forests in their present state will no longer be able to survive. The last living trees are evergreen plants. This decline in plant life is likely to be a long-term decline rather than a sharp decline. That plant group is likely to die on its own before 50 million units are reached. The first plants to disappear will be the C3 mangrove plants, followed by barbed forests, evergreen forests, and finally evergreen conifers. However, C4 carbon fixation can continue to have very low concentrations, dropping to more than ten parts per million. Plants using C4 photosynthesis can therefore survive at least 0.8 billion years and possibly as long as 1.2 billion years from now, after which rising temperatures will make the biosphere unbearable. Currently, C4 plants represent about 5% of the world's plant species and 1% of known plant species. For example, approximately 50% of all grass species (Poaceae) use the C4 photosynthetic pathway, like many other species of the herbaceous family Amaranthaceae.
When carbon dioxide levels fall to the limit where photosynthesis is not well maintained, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is expected to run up and down. This will allow the earth's vegetation to grow as carbon dioxide levels rise due to tectonic activity and respiration from animal health. However, the long-term tradition is that plant life on Earth is completely dead as most of the carbon left in the atmosphere becomes fragmented on Earth. Some bacteria are able to perform photosynthesis in the concentration of low carbon dioxide as a fraction of a million, so these species are almost extinct only due to rising temperatures and loss of the biosphere.
Plants — and, by extension, animals — can live longer by changing other techniques such as looking for carbon dioxide under photosynthetic processes, becoming more carnivorous, more likely to extinguish, or associate with fungi. These changes may occur near the beginning of the hot water house (see further).
Loss of higher plant health will also lead to the ultimate loss of oxygen and ozone due to animal respiration, chemical exposures in the air, volcanic eruptions, and humans. This will lead to a slight reduction in UV damage to DNA, and animal mortality; The first animals to disappear will be large mammals, followed by small mammals, birds, land and water animals, and large fish, reptiles, and small fish, and finally invertebrates. Prior to this, life is expected to focus on regenerating low temperatures such as high altitude where underground space is available, thus limiting human size. Smaller animals would have a better life than large ones because of the low oxygen demand, while birds may be better off than mammals because of their ability to travel great distances in the face of cold temperatures. Depending on the oxygen half-life in the air, animal health can live up to 100 million years after the loss of high vegetation. However, animal health can last much longer because more than 50% oxygen is currently produced by phytoplankton.
In their book, The Life and Death of Planet Earth, authors Peter D. Ward and Donald Brownlee have argued that some form of animal life could survive even after the extinction of plant life. Ward and Brownlee used archaeological evidence from the Burgess Shale in British Columbia, Canada, to determine the climate of the Cambrian Explosion, and then used it to predict the future weather when global warming is caused by the warming of the Sun and lowering oxygen levels. At first, they expected other insects, lizards, birds, and small mammals to persist, as well as marine life. However, in addition to supplementing oxygen with plant life, they believe that animals may die of asphyxiation within a few million years. Even if sufficient oxygen were to remain in the atmosphere by the continuation of some form of photosynthesis, a steady increase in global warming could result in a slight loss of biodiversity.
As temperatures continue to rise, the last of the animal's life will be pushed to the poles, and perhaps underground. They will work mainly during the polar night, refreshed during the polar day due to extreme temperatures. A large part of the earth will be an empty desert and life will be found mainly at sea. However, due to the decline in the number of species entering the oceans from the earth and the decrease in dissolved oxygen, marine life will also disappear in the same way as on earth. This process will start with the loss of freshwater species and end with invertebrates, especially those that are not dependent on living plants such as termites or those near hydrothermal vents such as Riftia worms. As a result of these processes, multicellular species could be extinct in about 800 million years, and eukaryotes in 1.3 billion years, leaving only prokaryotes.
Loss of Water
One billion years from now, about 27% of modern oceans will have been sent to barrels. If this process were not allowed to continue uninterrupted, it would reach a level of equality where 65% of the world's last resort could settle. When sunlight is 10% higher than the current value, global temperatures will rise to 320 K (47 ° C; 116 ° F). The atmosphere will be "wet wet" which leads to the evaporation of oceans. At this point, future ecological models of the Earth show that the stratosphere may contain rising water levels. These water molecules will be broken down through photodissociation by solar UV, allowing hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere. The result of the net could be the loss of seawater in the world about 1.1 billion years from now.
There will be two variations of this response to future warming: "wet water heat" in which water vapor dominates the troposphere as water vapor begins to accumulate in the stratosphere (when seas evaporate very quickly), and "runaway greenhouse" where water vapor forms at the top of the atmosphere (when the oceans evaporate very slowly). During this dry season, there will continue to be water reservoirs as water is pumped out of the deep crust and coatings, where it is estimated that there is an amount of water equal to the number of times present on Earth's oceans. Some of the water may be stored in poles and occasional storms, but for the most part, the planet would be a desert with large roadblocks covering the equator, and a few salt flats in the former seafloor, similar to those in the Atacama desert in Chile.
With no water to act as a lubricant, plate tectonics may stop and the visible signs of geological activity could be volcanic shields that protect the surface of the hot spots. In these arid conditions, the planet is likely to maintain a viral life and possibly a number of cells. Most of these insects will become halophiles and life can take refuge in space as proposed in Venus. However, increasing conditions will lead to the extinction of prokaryotes between 1.6 billion years and 2.8 billion years from now, and the latter end up living in stagnant pools at higher elevations or in caves or caves. trapped in the snow. However, underground life can last a long time. What follows after this depends on the level of tectonic activity. The constant release of carbon dioxide from volcanic eruptions could cause the atmosphere to enter a “super-warmer” atmosphere like that of the planet Venus. However, as mentioned above, with the exception of surface water, plate tectonics are likely to form and most of the carbonates can remain safely buried until the Sun becomes a red giant and its extra light burns the rock to the point of releasing carbon dioxide.
Loss of the oceans could be delayed for up to two billion years to come if atmospheric pressure were to fall. Low atmospheric pressure can reduce the effect of heat, thereby lowering the surface temperature. This is possible if natural processes were to remove nitrogen from the atmosphere. Biological research has shown that at least 100 kilopascals (0.99 atm) of nitrogen have been removed from the atmosphere over the last four billion years; enough to double the current atmospheric pressure if they are to be released. This level of removal would be enough to counteract the effects of increasing sunlight over the next two billion years.
By 2.8 billion years from now, global temperatures will have reached 422 K (149 ° C; 300 ° F), even on poles. During this time, any remaining life will be wiped out due to extreme conditions. If all the water on Earth evaporates at this point, the planet will remain in the same state with the constant increase in earth's temperature until the Sun becomes a red giant. If not, then in about 3-4 billion years the amount of water vapor in the lower atmosphere will rise to 40% and the effect of "water temperature" will begin when the light from Sungeni reaches 35-40% above its modern value. The effect of "escape from the scorching heat" will be present, causing the air to heat up and raising the earth's temperature to about 1,600 K (1,330 ° C; 2,420 ° F). This is enough to melt the surface of the planet. However, most of the universe will be stored until the Sun enters a large red phase.
With the extinction of life, 2.8 billion years from now it is expected that the Earth's biosignatures will disappear, being replaced by signatures caused by unnatural processes.
Large red stage
As soon as the Sun shifts from heating the hydrogen inside its core to the heating of the hydrogen in the shell surrounding its core, the core will begin to coalesce and the outer envelope will expand. Total light will increase slightly over the next billion years to 2,730 times more solar light over 12.167 billion years. Most of the earth's atmosphere will be lost in space and above it will contain a lava sea with floating iron ore and iron oxides and building material icebergs, whose surface temperature reaches more than 2,400 K (2,130 ° C; 3,860 ° F). The Sun will experience mass losses very quickly, accounting for about 33% of the total amount of solar-powered warehouses. Weight loss will be followed by fatigue and constant tiredness. Earth's orbital distance will rise to at least 150% of its current value.
The fastest part of the Sun's expansion into the red giant will occur during the final stages when the Sun will be 12 billion years old. It is likely to grow and swallow Mercury and Venus, reaching a maximum of 1.2 AU (180,000,000 km). The earth will work well with the outer atmosphere of the Sun, which will help to reduce the earth's orbit. Drag from the Sun chromosphere and will slow down the rotation of the earth. These effects will work against the effect of weight loss by the Sun, and the Earth will probably be covered by the Sun.
Gravity from the solar system can cause lunar eclipses. When the orbit of the Moon is closed at a distance of 18,470 km (11,480 mi), it will cross the Roche Earth limit. This means that contact between the water and the Earth can separate the Moon, making it a ring. Most of the surrounding rings will begin to rot, and debris will touch the ground. So, even if the Earth were to be swallowed up by the Sun, the planet would be left without a moon. Following this event, a single world heritage will be a very small increase (0.01%) of solar energy.
Great post-red stage
After adding helium to its atmosphere and carbon, the Sun will begin to fall again, turning into a white star after releasing its outer air as the nebula of the earth. The last estimated weight is 54.1% of the current value, which may consist mainly of carbon and oxygen.
At present, the Moon is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 4 cm (1.6 inches) per year. In 50 billion years, if the Earth and the Moon were not eclipsed by the Sun, they would be drawn into a vast, stable orbit, each showing only one face to the other. Subsequently, the action of the Sun's rays will release angular forces into the system, causing the rotation of the Moon to rot and rotate around the earth. At about 65 billion years ago, it is estimated that the Moon could eventually collide with the Earth, thanks to the remaining energy of the Earth-Moon system being filmed by the remaining Sun, causing the Moon to move slowly toward the Earth.
Conclusion
At a time of 10¹⁹ years (10 quintillions), the remaining planets in the Solar System will be removed from the system by violent rest. If the Earth were not destroyed by the rising red Sun and the Earth could be released from the Solar System by violent rest, the final end of the planet would be in collision with the Dark Sun due to the decay of its orbiting radiation, by 10²⁰ years.
What do you think about how much humans are responsible for destroying their homes? Do comment below, your feedback on this article will be appreciated.
0 Comments
Thanks for your feedback.